Turquie

The province Kocaeli is located at the easternmost end of the Marmara Sea and around the Gulf of İzmit. It is bordered by the province of Sakarya to the east, Bursa to the south, Yalova to the southwest, the province of İstanbul to the east and Black Sea to the north. Total population of Kocaeli is 1.601.720 according to the 2011 estimates. Total area of Kocaeli is 3.623 km² and the density is 430/km². With the latest regulations, number of districts is increased to 12 in Kocaeli. In addition there are 244 villages within the boundaries of province. Number of migration from other provinces to Kocaeli is 62,996 and number is 51,561 from Kocaeli toward others (Turkish Statistical Institute/2012) GDP per capita is 33,620 USD and ranking in country is 1 according to this data. Kocaeli supports the economy of Turkey’s GDP by %4,70 and socio-economic development ranking is 4^th in country.(State Planning Organization data/2011)

In the province of Kocaeli, employment rate is %41,6 and national ranking is 56. Labor participation rate is %48,2 and ranking is 52. Lastly unemployment rate is %13,8 and ranking is 13 (Turkish Statistical Institute/2010). Within the province there are 37,769 workplaces and 365,196 registered employees (Social Security Provincial Directorate of Kocaeli data/2013) As the statistical data show us, Kocaeli is one of the major cities that contributes the GDP. Indeed, as a city with high industrial density, Kocaeli make great contribution to country’s development and there is a significant migration in province because of economic attractiveness and opportunities and also proximity of economically developed cities like İstanbul and Bursa.

2. Diagnostic du tissu des entreprises – Données de cadrage

• Profil des entreprises

SECTORAL DISTRIBUTION OF COMPANIES IN KOCAELI

(YEAR 2011)

SECTORS	2011
CONSTRUCTION	5.201
TRANSPORT AND LOGISTIC	3.831
FOOD INDUSTRY	2.888
HEAVY METAL INDUSTRY	1.680
FOOD (SERVICE)	1.451
AUTOMOTIVE INDUSTRY	1.302
TEXTILE	1.136
FURNITURE	677
ELECTRIC - ELECTRONICS	669
CHEMICAL MATERIALS AND PRODUCTS	575
INFORMATION TECHNOLOGIES	479
MACHINARY AND REPLACEMENT PARTS	439
CONSTRUCTION PRODUCTS	417
INSURANCE	245
TOURISM	243
OTHER	13.117
TOTAL	34.350

Table 2: Data were provided by SGK headquarters and compiled by Kocaeli Chamber of Commerce.

When we examine distribution by number of companies for 15 sectors operating in Kocaeli, it can be seen that construction sector leads with %15,14 portion and 5,201 companies by the end of 2011. After construction, there comes transport and logistics sector with 3,831 firms and %11,15 portion and in third place, food industry follows with 2,888 firms and portion of %8,41. Distributions of all sectors are listed at table 2 above and they are shown as a proportional graphic at table 3 below.

WORKING POPULATION ACCORDING TO SECTOR AND GENDER

SECTOR	GENDER	WORKING POPULATION
OVERALL	ALL	456.305
	BİLİNMEYEN	245
	MALE	357.155
	FEMALE	98.905
UNKNOWN	ALL	1.908
INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECH.	ALL	4.842
OTHER SERVICES	ALL	4.429
ELECTRIC, GAS, STEAM, AIR CONDITIONING PRODUCTION AND DISTRIBUTION	ALL	1.320
EDUCATION	ALL	16.810
FINANCE AND INSURANCE	ALL	2.542
REAL ESTATE	ALL	422
HOUSEHOLDS PRODUCTION ACTIVITIES	ALL	268
ACCOMODATION AND FOOD SERVICE	ALL	17.423
CULTURE, ART , ENTERTAINMENT, SPORT	ALL	1.391
MINING AND QUARRYING	ALL	1.395
PROFESSIONAL, SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNICAL ACTIVITIES	ALL	21.153
WATER SUPPLY, SEWERAGE AND WASTE MANAGEMENT ACTIVITIES	ALL	3.335
AGRICULTURE, FORESTRY AND FISHERY	ALL	1.719
TRADE, REPAIR OF MOTOR VEHICLES AND MOTORCYCLES	ALL	43.643
TRANSPORTATION AND STORAGE	ALL	41.410
ACTIVITIES OF INTERNATIONAL ORGANISATIONS AND AGENCIES	ALL	53
ADMINISTRATIVE AND SUPPORTIVE SERVICES	ALL	31.697
PRODUCTION INDUSTRY	ALL	186.635
HUMAN HEALTH AND SOCIAL WORK ACTIVITES	ALL	8.065
CONSTRUCTION	ALL	65.527
FIRE DEPARTMENT AND TRAFFIC CONTROL	ALL	318

Table 5: Female-Male Labor Participation, Employment and Unemployment Rates By Years

Year	Labor participation rate			Employment rate			Unemployment Rate
	Female	Male	Total	Female	Male	Total	Female	Male	Total
1989	36,2	80,6	58,1	32,7	74	53,1	9,5	8,2	8,6
1999	30	75,8	52,7	27,7	70	48,7	7,6	7,7	7,7
2004	23,3	70,3	46,3	20,8	62,7	41,3	11	10,8	10,8
2005	23,3	70,6	46,4	20,7	63,2	41,5	11,2	10,5	10,6
2006	23,6	69,9	46,3	21	62,9	41,5	11,1	9,9	10,2
2007	23,6	69,8	46,2	21	62,7	41,5	11	10	10,3
2008	24,5	70,1	46,9	21,6	62,6	41,7	11,6	10,7	11
2009	26	70,6	47,9	22,3	60,7	41,1	14,3	13,9	14

Reference: Turkish Statistical Institute

In Turkey, when labor participation rate of women (employed and unemployed divided by females in working age population) was %36,2 in the year of 1989, it declined to %30 in 1999 and eventually it declined to %26 in 2009. So labor participation rate of women has decreased by %28 percent since 1989. At the same period, labor participation of men has decreased too. During the last 20 years, participation rate of men had decreased by %12,4 and participation rate of total has decreased by %17,6. If we express briefly, during the last 20 years participation rate of women has decreased constantly and rate of this fall is relatively higher than rate of men. When employment rate of female (employed females / females in working age population) was %32,7 in 1989, it declined to %27,7 by the year 1999 and lastly it declined to %22,3 by 2009. So, during the last 20 years employment rate of female had decreased by %31,8. At the same period, also employment rate of men and employment rate of total population has decreased; employment rate of men declined by %18 and employment rate of total pop. Declined by %22,6. So employment rate of female had decreased constantly in the past 20 years and the rate of this fall is relatively higher than decline in the rate of men. When unemployment rate of female was %9,5 in 1989, it declined to % 7,6 by 1999 and it rose again to %14,3 by the year 2009. So unemployment rate of female had increased by %50,5 between 1989 and 2009. For the men, unemployment rate was %8,2 in 1989; %7,7 in 1999 and it was %13,9 by the year 2009. During the 20 year period, increase in unemployment rate of men had been %69,5. In this period, increase in the unemployment rate of men was higher than unemployment rate of female. Referring to the last 10 years, increase in women unemployment rate is %88,2, it is %80,5 in unemployment of men and finally it is %81,8 in overall unemployment. So the increase in unemployment of women is slightly higher than the increase in unemployment of men. Especially in the last 10 years, unemployment rate of both men and women has drastically risen, by the year 2009 the unemployment rate of women and men has reached its highest level in 20 years.

CAUSES OF UNWILLINGNESS OF WOMEN IN LABOR PARTICIPATION

Labor participation rate of women is extremely low in Turkey and it poses a major problem. For the women who don’t involve in labor force; to unveil the reasons why they don’t intend to work, gives us essential tips for this issue.

Year	Willing to work	Seasonal workers	Housewives	Students	Retired	Unable to work	Other
1989	1,4	0,2	80,6	5,6	1,6	7,1	3,5
1999	2,5	0,5	73,5	7,7	2,5	9	4,3
2008	5,2	1,2	62,4	8,5	3,5	11	8,1

Table 6 Reference: Turkish Statistical Institute

EMPLOYMENT SECTORS OF WOMEN

Year	Agriculture		Industry		Construction		Service
	Women	Men	Women	Men	Women	Men	Women	Men
1989	76,6	34,2	8,8	18,7	0,2	7,4	14,4	39,7
1999	66,4	29,6	11,4	19,5	0,4	8,5	21,8	43,4
2008	42,1	17,1	15	23,1	0,8	7,7	42,1	52,1
2009	41,7	18,2	14,7	21,2	0,7	7,9	43	52,7

Table 7: Reference: International Labour Organization

In the last 20 years, in Turkey, for employment of both men and women, while share of agriculture sector was decreasing, share of industry and service sectors have increased. However, this conversion was experienced more sharply in women. In 1989, the distribution of employed women was %76,6 in agriculture, %8,8 in industry, %0,2 in construction and %14,4 in service sector; but by the year 2009 the distribution was happened as %41,7 in agriculture, %14,7 in industry, %0,7 in construction and , lastly %43 in service sector. Women who left the agricultural sector, directed to the sectors of industry and services, and by 2009 service sector had attracted more women employees than agricultural sector for the first time. During the last 20 years, sectorial difference of share between men and women employment had decreased significantly, but there are still considerable differences in all sectors. Share of women employment is higher than men in agriculture but in other sectors the share of men employment is higher. Construction sector still remains to have a small portion in women employment.

As we examine the employment data based on occupational groups, it can be observed that there is still a continuing gender-based division of labor in Turkey. There are serious differences vary between the share of men and women on many occupational groups and as a general trend, the share of women employment is higher than the man in jobs that don’t need any professional qualifications. However the exception of this trend is, share of women employment in jobs based on profession like doctor, teacher, lawyer etc. is higher than the share of men employment. By the year 2009, the %50 of women employees work in agriculture-husbandry works and unqualified jobs, and at men this ratio is %27,6. Women employment rate in professions, that need good decision-making like senior management and directorate, is %3,2 and the rate is %10,8 for men. And in skilled jobs in industry like plant and machinery operator and assembler, the share of these professions is %3,1 in women employment and it is %12,1 in men. Share of jobs based on profession is %10,1 in women employment and it is %5,7 in employment of men. This occupational group has a greater share in women employment so that shows us, educated women employees are emphasized on profession based jobs like teacher, doctor, lawyer and accountant etc. (Sosyal-İş Union – Women Labor and Employment Report/2010).